libexpr: Support structured error classes

While preparing PRs like #9753, I've had to change error messages in
dozens of code paths. It would be nice if instead of

    EvalError("expected 'boolean' but found '%1%'", showType(v))

we could write

    TypeError(v, "boolean")

or similar. Then, changing the error message could be a mechanical
refactor with the compiler pointing out places the constructor needs to
be changed, rather than the error-prone process of grepping through the
codebase. Structured errors would also help prevent the "same" error
from having multiple slightly different messages, and could be a first
step towards error codes / an error index.

This PR reworks the exception infrastructure in `libexpr` to
support exception types with different constructor signatures than
`BaseError`. Actually refactoring the exceptions to use structured data
will come in a future PR (this one is big enough already, as it has to
touch every exception in `libexpr`).

The core design is in `eval-error.hh`. Generally, errors like this:

    state.error("'%s' is not a string", getAttrPathStr())
      .debugThrow<TypeError>()

are transformed like this:

    state.error<TypeError>("'%s' is not a string", getAttrPathStr())
      .debugThrow()

The type annotation has moved from `ErrorBuilder::debugThrow` to
`EvalState::error`.

(cherry picked from commit c6a89c1a1659b31694c0fbcd21d78a6dd521c732)
Change-Id: Iced91ba4e00ca9e801518071fb43798936cbd05a

src/libexpr/eval-inline.hh

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 
 #include "print.hh"
 #include "eval.hh"
+#include "eval-error.hh"
 
 namespace nix {
 
@@ -115,10 +116,11 @@ inline void EvalState::forceAttrs(Value & v, Callable getPos, std::string_view e
     PosIdx pos = getPos();
     forceValue(v, pos);
     if (v.type() != nAttrs) {
-        error("expected a set but found %1%: %2%",
-              showType(v),
-              ValuePrinter(*this, v, errorPrintOptions))
-            .withTrace(pos, errorCtx).debugThrow<TypeError>();
+        error<TypeError>(
+            "expected a set but found %1%: %2%",
+            showType(v),
+            ValuePrinter(*this, v, errorPrintOptions)
+        ).withTrace(pos, errorCtx).debugThrow();
     }
 }
 
@@ -128,10 +130,11 @@ inline void EvalState::forceList(Value & v, const PosIdx pos, std::string_view e
 {
     forceValue(v, pos);
     if (!v.isList()) {
-        error("expected a list but found %1%: %2%",
-              showType(v),
-              ValuePrinter(*this, v, errorPrintOptions))
-            .withTrace(pos, errorCtx).debugThrow<TypeError>();
+        error<TypeError>(
+            "expected a list but found %1%: %2%",
+            showType(v),
+            ValuePrinter(*this, v, errorPrintOptions)
+        ).withTrace(pos, errorCtx).debugThrow();
     }
 }