libexpr: Support structured error classes

While preparing PRs like #9753, I've had to change error messages in
dozens of code paths. It would be nice if instead of

    EvalError("expected 'boolean' but found '%1%'", showType(v))

we could write

    TypeError(v, "boolean")

or similar. Then, changing the error message could be a mechanical
refactor with the compiler pointing out places the constructor needs to
be changed, rather than the error-prone process of grepping through the
codebase. Structured errors would also help prevent the "same" error
from having multiple slightly different messages, and could be a first
step towards error codes / an error index.

This PR reworks the exception infrastructure in `libexpr` to
support exception types with different constructor signatures than
`BaseError`. Actually refactoring the exceptions to use structured data
will come in a future PR (this one is big enough already, as it has to
touch every exception in `libexpr`).

The core design is in `eval-error.hh`. Generally, errors like this:

    state.error("'%s' is not a string", getAttrPathStr())
      .debugThrow<TypeError>()

are transformed like this:

    state.error<TypeError>("'%s' is not a string", getAttrPathStr())
      .debugThrow()

The type annotation has moved from `ErrorBuilder::debugThrow` to
`EvalState::error`.

(cherry picked from commit c6a89c1a1659b31694c0fbcd21d78a6dd521c732)
Change-Id: Iced91ba4e00ca9e801518071fb43798936cbd05a

src/libexpr/parser.y

@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ void yyerror(YYLTYPE * loc, yyscan_t scanner, ParserState * state, const char *
 {
     throw ParseError({
         .msg = hintfmt(error),
-        .errPos = state->positions[state->at(*loc)]
+        .pos = state->positions[state->at(*loc)]
     });
 }
 
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ expr_function
     { if (!$2->dynamicAttrs.empty())
         throw ParseError({
             .msg = hintfmt("dynamic attributes not allowed in let"),
-            .errPos = state->positions[CUR_POS]
+            .pos = state->positions[CUR_POS]
         });
       $$ = new ExprLet($2, $4);
     }
@@ -243,7 +243,7 @@ expr_simple
       if (noURLLiterals)
           throw ParseError({
               .msg = hintfmt("URL literals are disabled"),
-              .errPos = state->positions[CUR_POS]
+              .pos = state->positions[CUR_POS]
           });
       $$ = new ExprString(std::string($1));
   }
@@ -339,7 +339,7 @@ attrs
       } else
           throw ParseError({
               .msg = hintfmt("dynamic attributes not allowed in inherit"),
-              .errPos = state->positions[state->at(@2)]
+              .pos = state->positions[state->at(@2)]
           });
     }
   | { $$ = new AttrPath; }